In 2015, the Dart Developer Summit saw the introduction of Sky, an experimental UI framework for writing Android apps using Dart. It started with Android, but the technology was architectured to run on any device – web, desktop, car, refrigerator, anything with a screen.

Sky was eventually renamed to Flutter, and the list of supported platforms gradually expanded to include iOS, web, and desktop. However, this is hardly the end of the road for Flutter, so the question that comes to mind is: what’s next? My guess is embedded devices.

I will illustrate that by running Flutter on a Raspberry Pi to show some interesting use cases.

The Flutter team started with just Android, but they were able to add support for other platforms by writing the embedder. An embedder is not one program, but rather a whole system consisting of various tasks such as:

These tasks require extensive knowledge of the platform we are embedding into. It’s mostly low-level code, not suitable for beginners. Full-fledged embedders have 15-30k lines of source code. You can find more information on Flutter’s web page.

Currently, there are three default embedders written by the Flutter team: Android, iOS, and web, while desktop embedders for Mac, Linux, and Windows are in beta. Anyone can write an embedder, for example desktops started with the unofficial embedder go-flutter and the official support was added later.

Embedded devices is a very broad term, but not every device is suitable for Flutter. First off, a device is not an application, it has both hardware and software. This means that it requires an embedded engineer and someone to design the circuit board.

When you find an appropriate device and the hardware is ready, you need to build the software to power the UI. With the current state of technology, this is a challenging task. The hardware has limited performance, and the current tools you can use to build UI interfaces have their own drawbacks. This is where Flutter provides a solution.

I’ve chosen Raspberry Pi for demonstration purposes, although you can use any similar device. Raspberry Pi is a small single-board low-cost computer and running Flutter on it can make for some very interesting use cases.

We could run Flutter on Raspberry Pi using the default Linux embedder that comes with Flutter because Raspberry Pi can run Linux, but I chose not to do that. The main reason is that the Linux embedder is more suitable for a real desktop experience with multiple windows and different apps, like Windows or Mac. We are going to use flutter-pi which is a light-weight embedder for Raspberry Pi. It doesn’t require a window system or a desktop at all, it will run on no-desktop Raspberry Pi OS Lite.

In our first use case we will try to make a screen for a fast food restaurant that can be used to order food without interacting with the restaurant personnel. For this we will need a Raspberry and a touchscreen. I used a Raspberry Pi 3B+ and a 7-inch touchscreen.

We build a simple Flutter app and follow the flutter-pi instructions to run it on Raspberry Pi. Here is a preview of the app with the whole setup running:

With Flutter we are able to create a great-looking app that runs smoothly with all the animations on Raspberry Pi. Flutter-pi gives it a real embedded feel because the user is unable to exit the app, interact with the Linux OS or turn the whole system off.

The real power of this setup with Raspberry Pi is that you can connect external devices and communicate with them. They can connect with Raspberry Pi over WiFi, Bluetooth, USB or wires (GPIO). To demonstrate, we are going to control a small LED light using Flutter over GPIO.

There are few ways to control GPIO pins. For this example, I skipped the Python programs and used the simplest way, which is echoing value (0 or 1) into a designated file. There’s one file for each GPIO pin on location with a path like /sys/class/gpio/gpio27/. If we echo 1, it means it will let the power through the pin so the light will turn on, and 0 will cut the power off.

With that info, we can build an app that will invoke the process command to turn the LED light on or off:

We could listen to button presses in the same way, or interact with various sensors, for example a temperature or a distance sensor. We could run a servo motor, printer or whatever, since there is almost no limit with GPIO, it’s just a matter of effort.

Of course, there are other ways to build a product that satisfies the use cases above. Let’s see how they compare with the embedded Flutter solution.

Since we’re using a touchscreen, it might seem a good idea to use an Android or an iOS tablet simply. However, it’s not. Here’s why:

There are other alternatives that can run on Raspberry Pi, for example the Chromium Kiosk mode or the Electron app. Although the setup is different, both solutions allow you to use popular web technologies (HTML, JS) to build the app. However, the downside is that there’s a lot of overhead when running these, which might impact the performance.
For example, in Chromium Kiosk mode you need to run full desktop Linux with the Chromium browser on top. The browser then runs your app, while with flutter-pi your app runs on “bare metal” Linux.

Another downside is that communication with the native platform and the external devices is limited. For example, communicating from Javascript to the bluetooth module requires complex bridging as Javascript was never intended to perform such things.

Qt works similar to Flutter, although it’s more focused on desktop and embedded devices. You write Qt apps in C++, which is a less popular and lower level language.

Qt is better integrated with the platform so it’s somewhat easier to communicate with the native platform and the external devices.

Other than language, Qt’s downside is that it’s not completely free. Also, it’s much older than Flutter, and Flutter brings some improvements in terms of performance and UI building.

When Flutter was first introduced, it could only run on iOS and Android. The first time I tried Flutter for desktop, I used a third-party embedder in a similar way as with Raspberry Pi. Today, Flutter desktop has an official beta release, so we can only expect it to continue to evolve and support embedded platforms in the same way.

I believe Flutter will become one of the best solutions for embedded devices with a screen. With examples like Toyota’s infotainment systems that will be powered by Flutter and Google’s Nest Hub that comes with Flutter running on Fuchsia OS, the future’s looking bright.